K LAKSHMANA AIYAR Vs. SANKARAMOORTHY PILLAYAN

JUDGEMENT

(1.) THE question in this appeal is a question of priorities. THE second defendant sold to his other co-parceners his one-sixth share of the family property for Rs. 70,000, and obtained a mortgage bond in 1894. THE sale-deed is Exhibit H. We are concerned with that portion of the price, Rs. 7,000 which was not paid to the seller at the time; the deed contained a statement that that (Rs. 7,000) had been reserved on account of a hypothecation bond "that has to be executed by you to me." That was in August 1894. THEn, in November 1894, the plaintiff obtained a mortgage (Exhibit A) of some of these properties; and, on the 12th December 1894, the 1st defendant gave to the 2nd defendant a mortgage (Exhibit II) of some of the properties in Kamsapuram, which ware some of the properties of which the one-sixth share was sold in August. Now, the question is whether, by reason of the prior agreement before this mortgage (Exhibit II, I ought to have said, was executed in pursuance of the agreement in Exhibit H), whether by reason of the existence of this agreement before the mortgage to the plaintiff, the mortgage Exhibit II should not be held to have priority over that of the plaintiff. THE Subordinate Judge has found and, I think he is right, that, at the time of the plaintiff s mortgage, the plaintiff must be taken to have had notice that Rs. 7,000 of the sale amount remained unpaid, and to have known that the vendor, the 2nd defendant, had a charge upon the property sold to the extent of the portion of the price which remained unpaid. THE Subordinate Judge holds that the mortgage to the plaintiff must be postponed to the extent of the prior charge known to him and the effect of that is that the mortgage Exhibit II will take priority over the plaintiff s mortgage on one sixth of the Kamsapuram properties encumbered by it. THE appeal is by the plaintiff. THE first argument I shall deal with is the contention that one co-parcener cannot sell his share to another, and, consequently, that there could be no charge upon the property under Section 55 of the Transfer of Property Act. Now it is clear, I think, and it was not denied, that a co-parcener can alienate or get rid of his share to other co-parceners, not necessarily to them all jointly but to one whom he chooses or to some out of the whole body. But it was urged that he cannot do this by way of sale but by way of surrender. But it seems to me that, if the transaction takes the form of a sale and is for valuable consideration and if the other co-parcener accepts the transfer as a sale, there is no reason why we should not attach to the transaction, whether it is called a surrender or whether it is called a sale, the effect which the Transfer of Property Act gives to a sale. THE 2nd defendant by Exhibit H certainly purported to sell for a price of Rs. 70,000 his share of the joint property and the effect of the transaction was that his share of the joint property was transferred to his co-parcener. I think it is clear at the present day that it cannot be said in this Presidency that a co-parcener has no share which he could sell. THEre is no doubt that he can alienate to an outsider that which he can claim at partition and that is properly called a share, and a recent case shows that the extent that is alienated, when it comes to be divided for the outsider s benefit, will be that which would have been divided if partition had occurred at the time of the alienation. That seems to be the decision of the Full Bench in Chinna Pillay v. Kalimuthu Pillay 35 M. 47; (1911) 2 M.W.N. 238; 9 M.L.T. 389; 21 M.L.J. 246; 9 Ind. Case 596. It is impossible, I think, to say that there is nothing which he could alienate to his co- parceners, nothing which they could obtain in exchange for their money. I fail to see why the transaction does not come within the Transfer of Property Act s definition of sale as the transfer of ownership in exchange for a price paid or promised or part paid and part promised. Now, if it is a sale, then a charge attached to the whole of the property sold to the extent of Rs. 7,000, and, on that, the finding of the Subordinate Judge, which I have accepted, is that it was known to the plaintiff. THEn, it is said that there was "a contract to the contrary" i.e., the statement in Exhibit H that "this money is reserved with you in order that you may execute to me a hypothecation bond for that amount", a contract which negatived the charge created by Section 55 of the Transfer of Property Act. I have had some doubt whether I should not hold that the statement in Exhibit H had that effect, but, on the whole, I think it does not. It certainly does not necessarily have that effect; it is not necessarily a substitution of this agreement for the charge and it was nowhere before alleged that there was a contract in lieu of the charge. I think, therefore, that we cannot say properly that there was any such contract in the case. THEn, the next argument was that, even if that be so, at any rate when once the mortgage, Exhibit II, was taken in substitution of the lien, the lien was gone. But, I think the effect of Section 101 of the Transfer of Property Act is that we must hold, for the benefit of the vendor, who has a charge upon the property, that charge was not merged in the mortgage, Exhibit II, if it appears to be for the charge-holder s benefit to keep it alive. Now, it is not suggested that it was not for 2nd defendant s benefit to keep the charge alive, and, therefore, unless it is clear that he intended to give it up (and that, 1 think, is not clear from Exhibit II), I think we are bound to hold, according to Section 101 of the Transfer of Property Act, that he did keep it alive. That being my opinion, it seems to follow that the Subordinate Judge s decree is right. It was suggested that if that is so, then Section 81 of the Transfer of Property Act should be applied. But that applies only in cases where the plaintiff has no notice of the previous mortgage. It is also suggested that we should apply the provisions of Section 82 of the Transfer of Property Act as to contribution, but it appears to me that it is unnecessary to do that in this suit. THEre is a memorandum of objections and that attacks the finding of the Subordinate Judge that the plaintiff had notice that only some part of the price was unpaid. It is based on evidence which is intended to show that there was before the plaintiff s mortgage a definite agreement known to him that the particular lands of the Kamsapuram village were to be mortgaged to secure the unpaid price under Exhibit H. THE Subordinate Judge thinks that this is not proved and I certainly agree with him in that. THE only witness, who speaks definitely to the agreement alleged, is the 2nd defendant himself and the question was only asked of him in cross-examination His evidence, I think, can hardly be relied upon and there is really no other evidence in the case that there was any agreement other than the simple agreement to execute a hypothecation bond. In the result, I think the appeal fails and the memorandum of objections also fails and both must be dismissed with one Bet of costs in each.