(1.) ALL these petitions have been heard together as common questions of law and facts are involved and this order will govern all the aforesaid cases.
(2.) IN all these cases the prayer has been made to quash the entire criminal proceedings including the orders taking cognizance under Sections 420 and 406 of the Indian Penal Code.
(3.) THE complainant, Narmadeshwar Prasad Singh had filed a complaint before the Judicial Magistrate, Dhanbad giving rise to Complaint Petition No. 119/97, whereas Shiv Shankar Singh and Ram Shankar Singh had filed their respective complaints before the C.J.M. Dhanbad giving rise to Complaint Petition Nos. 773/96 and 777/96 respectively. The complaints, which were filed before the C.J.M. were sent to the Judicial Magistrate for enquiry and after conclusion of enquiry under Sections 192/202 Cr.P.C. and scrutinising the statements of the witnesses on solemn affirmation, the Magistrate was satisfied that a prima facie case is made out and summoned the accused petitioners.