RAMA RAO Vs. LINGA REDDY

JUDGEMENT

(1.) THE Judgment of the Court was delivered by the Hon'ble Mr. Justice Satyanarayana Rao. This is a batch of three appeals arising out of a common judgment by which the suits were disposed of in the lower court. Appeal No. 342 of 1949 is an appeal against O.S. No. 2 of 1946, Appeal No. 551 of 1951 arises out of O.S. No. 37 of 1947 and Appeal No. 789 of 1950 arises out of O. S. No. 93 of 1947. THE evidence being common, it was recorded in O. S. No. 2 of 1946, and the parties filed a joint memo to the effect that the evidence in that case might be treated as evidence in the other connected cases. THE suit O, S. No. 2 of 1946 was the main suit and it was filed by the Shrotriamdar for establishing that the defendants and the other tenants in occupation of the lands do not own occupancy rights. THE suit O. S. No. 37 of 1947, out of which Appeal No. 551 of 1951 arises, was by the tenants for a declaration that they have occupancy rights in the lands in their possession. Under Order I Rule 8, C. P. G., permission was obtained to institute the suit not only on behalf of themselves but also on behalf of all the tenants in the village in a representative capacity. In O. S. No. 93 of 1947, out of which Appeal No. 789 of 1950 arises, the dispute was as between two rival tenants who were entitled to occupancy rights in a land of the extent of Ac. 1-90 cents. Ia all the suits the main question is whether the lands comprised in the Shrotriam grant form part of an 'estate' within the meaning of Section 3 (2)(d)of the Estates Land Act, both before and after its amendment in 1936. THEre is also the further question that even if the suit lands do not constitute an 'estate', whether the tenants acquired occupancy rights in the lands and whether the plaintiff is entitled to the declaration that he is the owner of both the warams. As the plaintiff is suing for a declaration of his absolute ownership of the land, he has naturally to establish that contention. In Appeal No. 342 of 1949 a further question is raised that the suit was not maintainable under Section 42 of the Specific Relief Act as the plaintiff, who sued for declaration, was in a position to claim a further relief namely possession of the lands and he did not claim that relief in this suit. THEre were also'other issues in the case on which findings were recorded by the trial court but nothing was mentioned regarding those issues in the course of the arguments before us, THE findings therefore on those issues must be accepted. Apart from the objection based on Section 42 of the Specific Relief Act, the main questions that require determination in these appeals are, firstly whether the lands are comprised in an 'estate' under Sec. 3 (2)(d) of the Madras Estates Lands Act, both before and after its amendment in 1936; secondly, even if it is not an estate, whether the plaintiffs are entitled to both the warams in the inam; thirdly, wheth the tenants are entitled to occupancy rights apart from the Estates Land Act. It may be mentioned that the claim for permanent rights of occupancy, apart from the Act, was based in the written statement on custom, lost grant and prescription. THE learned trial Judge negatived the claim based on prescription and grant. He also held that they had not established their rights on the basis of a lost grant. Though he found in paragraph 99 of the judgment that there was no oral or documentary evidence in the case in support of the custom, curiously he reached the conclusion that the tenants were entitled to occupancy rights by custom. In the arguments, however, before us, the learned Counsel for respondents did not seek to support the judgment on the basis of custom but rested his case on lost grant. It will therefore be necessary to examine the claim for occupancy rights, apart from the Act, whether it could be justified on the theory of lost grant. On the main question the findings of the learned Judge were against the plaintiffs. He further found that the suit was bad under Section 42 of the Specific Relief Act. THE judgment of the learned Subordinate Judge is very lengthy but some of his conclusions are based not only on the evidence on record but upon a reference to Boswell's Manual of the Nellore District of 1873 and the District Gazetteer. THE first and 'the most important question is whether the shortriam lands constitute an 'estate'. Before dealing with this contention it is necessary to state how the plaintiffs claim to have acquired title to the property. THE date when the shrotriam was granted is not known nor is there any evidence to show who the grantor was and who the grantee was. But it is certain that the title to the property in the inam proceedings of 1862 was recognised and a title deed in favour of the Mutharaju family was granted, which is T. D. No. 1762. THE village in which the lands are situated is known as Ghel- layapalem in Nellore district. In 1874 under Ex. A-109 dated 1-7-1874, Mutharaju Venkata Krishnarao mortgaged a half share in the property to one Boorla Rangareddi. In this document the property is described as Ghellayapalem shortriam and the boundaries are given and within the boundaries the half share of the mortgagor of the extent of Ac. 192-50 cents was mortgaged fora sum of Rs. 1,600/-. On 26th of July 1882 there was in favour of the said Boorla Ranga Reddi yet another mortgage by Mutharaju Venkatasubbarao and Mutharaju Venkatakrishnarao for a sum of Rs. 4,736-12-0 and they mortgaged under it their half share excluding the half share of Mutharaju Sivaramiah. On the 29th of July 1887 there was another mortgage by Mutharaju Venkatasubbarao in favour of Boorla Rangareddi mortgaging his half share of the property in which reference was made to the earlier mortgage of 26-7-1882. THE property was described by boundaries and within the boundaries all the dry lands, wet lands, garden lands, pastures and Vanam Thotas, stone wells, etc. were mortgaged. On the 26th of July 1882 under Ex. A-48 an Ijara covvle was granted in favour of Boorla Rangareddi by Mutharaju Venkatasubbarao and Mutharaju Venkatakrishna Rao for a period of eleven years from fasli 1292 to 1302. THE person who obtained the Ijara was required to pay to the Government half the share of the quit rent due in respect of the lands and he was given liberty of raising any crops which he pleased and to enjoy the lands. At the end of the period Ranga Reddi delivered possession of the property to Mutharaju people. Under Ex. A-49 a similar Ijara was granted on 8th November 1882 by the other branch, Sivaramaiah and Venkatakrishna Rao's minor son Venkatachalam for the same period of eleven years, from fasli 1292 to 1302. It also refers to various kinds of lands which were in the enjoyment of the ancestors of Mutharaju people and this document also contains a similar liberty to raise whatever crops the Ijaradar liked and to enjoy the land and deliver possession of it after the expiry of the Ijara period. Under two sale deeds, Ex. A-101, dated 14-1-1889 executed by Mutharaju Venkatasubbarao and Ramamma in favour of Singaraju Venkatasubba Rao for Rs. 10,000/-and Ex. A-102 dated 7-8-1889 executed by Sivaramaiah and Venkatrao in favour of Singaraju Venkatasubbarao, the latter became the complete owner of the two halves cf the property. This Venkatasubba Rao it may be mentioned, was a District Munsif and his son, the 2nd plaintiff, is a retired Subordinate Judge. THE 1st plaintiff is the son of the 2nd plaintiff and he is an advocate. THE purchase by Singaraju Venkatasubba Rao under the two documents of 1889 was noted in the Inam Fair Register as would be seen from Ex. A-1, column 20. THE remark was made by the Deputy Collector on the 15th of November 1890 that the entry was made in pursuance of the Nellore Tahsildar's arzi. He was therefore recognised in 1890 as the pwner of the property. Ever since he and his descendants have been in possession and enjoyment of the property. A number of old documents have been produced in the case by one side or the other. As required by Section 4 of the Rent Recovery Act (Madras Act VIII of 1865), the inamdar exchanged pattas and muchilakas and the files of the muchilakas the inamdars obtained from the tennats have been produced and exhibited in the case as Exs. A-27 to A-45 and they commence from 1895 and end with 1936. THE documents bearing on the question whether the inam is an 'estate' or not, are very few. THE earliest document is Ex. B-1 dated 15-11-1790, the extract from, the Inam Fair Register relating to the inam (Ex. A-1), the Inam Statement Ex B-195, and the Inam Fair Register extracts relating to five minor inams, two devadayams and three personal, which are marked as Exs. A-2 to A-6, Title Deed Nos. being 1759 to 1761 and 2034 and 2035. THE total extent of these minor inams is Acs. 13-48 cents. THE grant is not forthcoming, and even at the time of the Inam Proceedings of 1862, the inamdars were not able to produce any grant in support of their claim. Strong reliance was placed on behalf of the respondents on Ex. B-1 to establish that the inam was treated as a grant of a named village and that Ex. B-1 is really in the nature of a sanad. It is therefore urged that in the absence of the grant we must take Ex. B-1 as evidencing the terms of the original grant. According to the entries in the Inam Fair Register Extract, Ex. A-1, as shown in columns 11, 12 and 13, the grantor's name, the grantee's name and the date of the grant are not known. THE Inam Statement, Ex. B-195, however, contains a remark in column 6 that it was granted during the time of the Nabob for maintenance so as to be enjoyed from son to grandson and so on in succession, but the name of the Nabob was not given. It is therefore not possible to fix the date of the grant though an attempt was made by the learned Subordinate Judge to fix the date some time about 1701. But that is based on mere surmise and it would not be safe to base any conclusions on mere guess work. Learned counsel for the respondents did not attempt to support the view taken by the learned Subordinate Judge. Ex. B-1 purports to be a proceeding issued by one Richard Dighton, Collector of Nellore District, addressed to Chellayapalem Shrotriamdar. It states : " You shall pay as per instalments Varahas 283 (two hundred and eighty-three) being the beriz in respect of your shrotriam known as Ghellayapalem village in Gandavaram paragana, as entered in the circar shrothriam jabita, into the Nellore Treasury; obtain receipt and happily enjoy the produce realised from that village; you shall enjoy happily by giving shares to the kapus as per mamool." From Boswell's Nellore District Manual of the year 1873, pages 460 to 464, one would gather the circumstances under which Mr. Dighton came to be appointed as the Collector of the Nellore District. As a result of the war with Hyder Ali, the Madras Government fell into pecuniary difficulties. THEy applied to the Nabob of Carnatic to bear the cost of the military defence of the country. Being unable to meet the cost of the military defence of the country, the Nabob assigned the revenues of the Garnatic for a period of five years to the British Government to enable them to collect the dues and meet the expenditure. Soon after the agreement was reached, the Nabob failed to keep up the arrangement and the British Government decided to take over possession of the Carnatic themselves. In July 1790 the Governmet appointed Collectors for the various districts and Mr. Dighton was appointed Collector for the Nellore District. At Page 464 of the Manual, we find instructions issued by the Board of Revenue to Mr. Dighton under date 18th of August 1790, which was followed by a proclamation as appears at page 465 of the said Manual. Mr. Dighton found that a number of villages in the district were alienated on Shrotriam tenure, i. e. as many as 207 villages by fasli 1211. He investigated in 1790 the title of the various inamdars and granted also a number of sanads. THE management by the Government did not last long and was terminated on the 31st of August 1792. On 31st of July 1801 the British Government however got back the district and Mr. Travers was then appointed as Collector. From the statement in the Manual at page 499 that Mr. Dighton investigated the title to some of the inams and issued sanads, it is contended on behalf of the respondents that Ex. B-1 is one of such sanads and therefore is a very important document to gather the terms of the original grant. THE sanads, it was stated in the Manual, were issued after investigation of the title. If that was so and this document, Ex. B-1, is one of such sanads, one would naturally expect a reference to the terms of the grant, the date of the grant, the names of the grantor and the grantee as well as the extent covered by the grant. Significantly enough all these are absent in Ex. B-1 but on the contrary we find that the document was based on information furnished by a jabitha (list) relating to Sircar's Shrotriams. It is on that basis Mr. Dighton directed Mutharaju Ramachandraiah, the Sthala Karnam, the Karnam of a number of villages, (something corresponding to despondas), to pay the beriz or the demand on the Shrotriam, which came to be known by that date as Chellayapalem village, into the Treasury. THE shrotriyam of 283 pagodas which was payable by Ramachandrayya in instalments, it was stated in the document, was entered in the jabitha which was available with Mr. Dighton, and on the basis of it he made the demand. In those days, it is common knowledge and is borne out by public records, that when lands were granted either in Ijara or rented out or granted by way of inam, the grantees, in their anxiety to make as much money as possible from the persons in possession, the tenants, were extracting as much money as possible not only by the rent imposed but also by adding illegal exactions which were known in Northern India as abwabs. THE rent being payable in those days in kind, they were also attempting to vary the proportion of the waram payable to the landlord. To prevent this Mr. Dighton added in Ex. B-1 that the mamool shares should be given to the Kapus, i. e. the proportion of the produce which was being rendered to the land-holder should not be altered. In other words, that they should not while paying this beriz amount to the Government, exact more from the Kapus who were cultivating. Merely because the shrotriam is known as Ghellayapalem village, it does not necessarily follow that the original grant contained such a description. Ex. B-1 does not purport to be either a confirmatory grant or a fresh grant or a document which embodies the result of any investigation regarding the title of the Mutharajus to the Shrotriam. Too much importance therefore cannot be attached to a casual expression that the shrotriam was known as Ghellayapalem village to infer that the original grant should have been of a village. As pointed out by the Judicial Committee in Venkata Sastrulu v, Seetharamudu, from the expressions used in a confirmatory grant it would not be safe to believe and infer that at the date of the grant which is of course not known, these words must have occurred also in the grant. THE next document is the Inam Statement, Ex. B-195. In column 1 "the name of the inamdar and name as entered in the dowle and the name of then enjoyer", Mutharaju Sithanna was entered and the present enjoyer was shown as Mutharaju Subbarao and Subbaramayya. In column 4 it was stated that Mutharaju Subbarao and Subbaramaiah were the original grantee's (Sithanna's) grandsons, thereby implying that the original grantee was Mutharaju Sithanna. In column 6 the grant was stated to have been made by a Nabob whose name however was not given. Column 7 contains the details regarding the gudicut or the entire extent of the village of which 21 and odd gorrus was poramboke, 5 and 1 3/4 visams inams, and the balance of 123 and 3 3/4 visams was the cultivated land, which consisted of dry, wet and garden. Column 10 gives the boundaries of the village. Column 12 shows that the income realised by the Inamdar was Rs. 1,449-5-5 per year, out of which the payment to the Sircar or Government was Rs. 1,225-12-2 and the balance enjoyed as inam was Rs. 223-9-3. Most of the income realised as would be seen was taken away by the Government and a small amount was left to the inamdar. THE Inam Fair Register Ex. A-1 dees not repeat in columns 4 and 5 the entire gudikut of the village of 150-1/2 gorrus as shown in Ex. B-195. But it shows only the dry, the wet and the garden totalling 123 acres 3 goontas and 12 annas and poramboke 21-12-0 in all Ac. 453-06. THEre is no deduction of the inams in columns 4 and 5 and the inams did not enter into the computa tion area at all. Column 7 shows the income as Rs. 1,450/- and the jodi as Rs. 1,214-3-2 and Stala Karnams rusums Rs. 11-9-0 totalling Rs. 1,235-12-2. In column 11, by whom granted and in what year and in column 12, written instruments if any, and in column 13, name of the original grantee, were shown respectively as "not known," "no grant" and "not known". Column 14 is very important. It shows that in the account of fasli 1211, the name of Mutharaju Sivaramappa was entered. That does not mean that the inam came into existence for the first time in fasli 1211 or thereabout; for we know that from Ex. B-1 that the grant was anterior to 1790. THE gudikat as per fasli 1216 account was 150 gorrus of which 21-12-0 was minha poram- boke, and the remainder, 128-5-8 consisted of dry 22-2-12, wet 45-0-0, garden 11-7-0, pullary waste 30-14-4 plus inams 5-11-4. That information was derived from the account of fasli 1216. If from 128-5-8, inams of the extent 5-11-4 gorrus is deducted the balance is 123-3-12. THE important circumstance that appears here is that in fasli 1216, out of 123 and odd gorrus 30 and odd gorrus was still waste, though by the time of the Inam Commission, as appears from the remarks in column 22, almost the whole land was under cultivation and there was no room for further improvement. THE Deputy Collector's recommendation as contained in column 21 was that the shrotriam being of an older date than 50 years, should be confirmed on a quit rent of 1/8th of Rs. 1,242 inclusive of the jodi and exclusive of rusums and Rs. 1,254/- inclusive of all. THE rent then payable was Rs. 1470/-which was Rs. 60/-above the average for faslis 1211 to 1220 viz. Rs. 1413/'-. Rs. 1450/- was accepted as the income derivable from the inam and after deducting the jodi payable on the difference which constituted the inam, l/8th was taken as quit rent so that in computing the quit rent, the income from 123-12 gorrus alone was taken into computation and it is on that basis that the quit rent was added to the jodi. In column 22, it is stated that the shortriam was under Izara from faslis 1263 to 128y for a period of 25 years and we find it continued under Exs. A-48 and A-49 from 1882 to 1893. All that they derived over and above the jodi payable to the Government even during the 25 years period of Izara was only Rs. 244/~ per year. THE garden lands, it was stated, were irrigated under the private wells of shrotriamdars. All the cultivable extent comprised in 123 and odd gorrus was by then brought into cultivation and there was very little left by way of further increase in the cultivation. THE 301/2 gorrus which was waste from fasli 1216 apparently was brought under the plough by the time of the inam proceedings. THEre is nothing to indicate in the Inam Fair Register that the entire "village" was granted or that what was granted was a "named village". THE recommendation in column 21 by the Deputy Collector was confined to the shrotriam and under the Inam Rules the Government laid down as their policy to recognise grants more than 50 years old irrespective of the question, whether there was a lawful sanad or not. This shrotriam was also confirmed under the fifty years rule. What was confirmed to the inamdars was not the village but the shrotriam and the shrotriam, reading it along with column 4 and 5 was Ac. 453-06. It is usual in cases where the grant is of a named village in the sense that the grant did not comprise the entire area of the village but consisted of the major part of the area of the village excluding the minor inams that existed on the date of the grant, to find in column 4 and 5 the entire gudikat being mentioned and the inams shown as deductions as the excluded inams are usually dealt with separately in inam proceedings and title deeds are granted separately also. THE learned Subordinate Judge was carried away by the fact that the village of Ghellayapalem was treated as one unit in Revenue accounts. THE test is not whether, what was granted was treated as a village for the purpose of revenue, but whether, what was granted was a whole village or a named village. THE crcial question to determine is, whether under the grant whaat was grantes was a village or a named village and not the subsequent treatment of it in the revenue accounts. Emphasis was laid by the learned Counsel on the fact that the heading of the register contained the expression "the village of Ghellayapalem shrotriam in the taluk of Nellore". Too much importance cannot be attached to the heading which is contained in the printed register of inams, but even there it does not say "shrotriam Ghellayapalem" but it says shrotriam in the village of Chellayapalem because it is an inam in the village of Chellayapalem shrotriam. THE learned Counsel for the respondents also contended that the shortriam grants are usually grants of whole villages and not of lands of particular extents in the village and reliance was placed by him on the statement contained in the Maclean's Manual of the Administration in Madras Volume III, at page 356, where it is stated: Shrotriam : A general term for all favourably assessed whole villages originally held by Brahmins". But in the same volume at page 832, while dealing with the word "Shravanam" it is stated that shrotriam grant means the lands or a village held at a favourable rate. Wilson in his Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms expressed the view at page 785 that shrotriam grants were grants of melwaram alone and not of both warams ; but this view was not accepted by the Privy Council in Seethayya v. Somayajulu ' which held "that a shrotriam grant may in fact be a grant of the kudivaram as well as the melvaram". Even Wilson in his Glossary stated that shrotriyam means a grant of lands or a village, though he added that a shrotriyam grant is a grant of melvaram alone and not of both the warams. In view of the decision of the Privy Council it is difficult to accept the contention that because the grant is stated to be a shrotriyam grant, it could not possibly have been anything than a grant of a village and could not have been a land of a particular extent in the village. More difficulty is created by the existence of five minor inams evidenced by Exs. A-2 to A-6, extracts from the Inam Fair Register. Exs. A-2 and A-3 relate to devadayam grants. THE title deed in respect of the inam covered by Ex. A-2 is T. D. No. 1759 and that of Ex. A-3 is T. D. No. 1760. THE extent covered by Ex. A-2 is Ac. 5-68 cents. Columns 11 and 12 which relate to "by whom granted'and written instruments in support of the claim", recite that the name of the grantor and the written instrument in respect of "he claim are not known. For the first time, reference was made to this inam in the account of fasli 1216. From this it was argued that while the major grant appeared in the account of fasli 1211, a reference to this inam was made for the first time in the account of fasli 1216 and hence it must be treated as a grant later to the major grant and must have been granted by the inamdars. It is common knowledge that these ancient accounts are either prepared and maintained under Regulation XXXI of 1802 or earlier accounts. THEy are never exhaustive of all the inams in the village. THE fact that a particular inam was not mentioned in the account of a fasli is not proof regarding the date of the grant of the inam. It is beyond dispute that the major grant was long before fasli 1211, as it existed even by the date of Ex. B-1, in 1790. THE mere fact therefore that, for the first time, this inam made its appearance in the account of fasli 1211 does not necessarily lead to the inference that it must have been granted in or about that time. If, as contended on behalf of the respondents, the inam was carved out subsequently by the inamdars, the Government would naturally have included such inam in the major grant itself and would have taken the income of that land also into computation in arriving at the jodi or quit rent on the inam. THEse inams have been separately dealt with and unfortunately, the dates of the grants of these inams are not known. THE devadayam inam covered by Exs. A-2 and A-3 also stand on the same footing. THE extent under Ex. A-3 is Ac. 2-83. Here again the date of the grant and the grantor's name were not known and no sanads were produced. This inam did not find a place in any account earlier to Fasli 1250 i. e. about 10 years prior to the inam proceedings of 1862. If really the argument on behalf of the respondents was wellfounded, this inam would not have been more than 12 years old on the date of the inam proceedings, and it would not have been confirmed. THE inam must have been confirmed under the 50 years rule. THE inam in fact was confirmed to the inamdar which is a clear indication that the origin of the inam was much earlier than fasli 1216 and the inclusion or exclusion in an account of an anterior date is of no significance in deciding the date of the grant. Exs. A-4, A-5 and A-6 relate to personal inams of an extent of Ac. 3-12 dry, Ac. O-93 wet and Ac. O-93 wet respectively. Here also the grantor's name andthe date of the grant are not known. THE inam covered by Ex. A~4 was for the first time, found in the account of fasli 1260 and the inam covered by Ex. A-5 in fasli 1216 and that covered by Ex. A-6 in the account of fasli 1216. A cadjan sanad of 1846 was produced in the case of Ex. A-6 before the Inam Commissioner. THE Inam Commissioner did not attach any importance to it. If the dates of the grant are not known, it is not possible to say whether these grants were anterior to the date of the major grant or were subsequently granted nor is it possible to say whether the grants were made by the original grantor or by the inamdar of the shrotriyam. We have therefore the situation which follows from an examination of these documents, that there was a major grant of about Ac. 453-00 which was the shrotriyam. THEre were these five minor block grants and we do not know whether these inam's preceded the major grant or suceeded it. On an interpretation of section (3) (2) (d) and the burden of proof under that section, though there was some conflict of opinion, prior to the decision of the Supreme Court in District Board of Tanjore V. Moor Mohamed, the matter must be deemed now to have been set at rest by the authoritative] pronouncement of the highest court in the land. Before the Legislature intervened by introducing Explanation I to Sec. (3) (2) (d) by Act II of 1945, the Madras High Court was of opinion that if from out of the area comprised in a village, the grant of the inanl was less even by Ac. 1-00, it would not be a grant of an inam village within the meaning of the section and the area corn prised In the geant would not constitute an estate. This view was no doubt in conflict with an earlier decision of that very Court in Narayanaswami Nayudu v. Subramanyam , wherein it was held that "the existence of the 'minor inams' in whole inam .villages is very common and if these inam villages do not come within the definition of 'estate' almost all the agraharam, shrotriyam and mokhasa villages will be excluded" and that if they were excluded from Section 3 (2) (d) by reason of the existence of the minor inams, no inam village would come within the section. It was observed therein at page 684 that in that case it did not appear whether the grant to the temple of the village was made first or whether the inams were granted first. Notwithstanding this circumstance which the learned Judges treated as immaterial, it was held that the grant of the village with such minor inams constituted an estate under section 3 (2) (d) of the Act, and though the entire area was not conveyed under the grant, there is no reason to exclude such grants from the purview of the section. This reasoning did not appeal to the learned Judges who decided the cases beginning with Ademma v. Satyadhyana Thirtha Swamivaru. In view of the extreme position taken up by the Madras High Court, it was thought necessary for the Legislature to intervene and set right the law by the Amending Act which introduced an explanation to Section 3 (2) (d). Explanation I reads as follows: " Where a grant as an inam is expressed to be of a named village, the area which forms the subject-matter of the grant shall be deemed to be an estate not withstanding that it did not include certain lands in the village of that name which have already been granted on service or other tenure or been reserved for communal purposes." THE object of the explanation is undoubtedly to include in the word "village" occurring in the main part of the section, villages in the sense in which they were understood in Narayanaswamy v. Subrahmanyam. i. e., villages where there were pre-existing minor inams on the date of the grant. But the grant, in such an event must be expressed to be of a named village, though the grant did not comprise the entire area of the village. THE contention very strongly pressed before us by the learned Advocate for the respondent was that, irrespective of the question, whether the minor inams covered by Exs. A-2, A-6 were before or after the grant, the principle in Narayanaswamy v. Subrahmanyam ' should be applied and for this position he pressed into service the decision in Janakiramaraju v. Appalaswami of Mr. Justice Subbarao (as he then was) and Mr. Justice Ramaswamy. That decision arose under Section 3 (2) (e) and the question was, whether the words "one or more villages" occurring in clause (e) should be interpreted in the sense in which "village" was understood in Narayanaswamy v. Subrahmanyam ' or to be construed as meaning the entire area of the village. THE learned Judges followed the earlier decisions construing Section 3 (2) (e) and held that the principle in Narayanaswamy v. Subrahmanyam ' would equally apply under Section 3 (2) (e) as under Section 3 (2) (d). THE object of the explanation introduced by Act II of 1945 was not to say that "village" occurring in Section 3 (2) (d) in the main Section or in Sec. 3 (2) (e) should be construed as meaning the entire area of the village, unless it is covered by the explanation in the case of Section 3 (2) (d)f. THE contention in that case was that, in the absence of a similar explanation to Sec. 3 (2) (e), village in that section must be construed as equivalent to the entire area of the village, without any exclusions. This contention, I, may say so with respect, was rightly rejected by the learned Judges after considering the decision in District Board of Tanjore v Noor Mohamed, Janakiramaraju v Appalaswamy was concerned with a case where the grantor himself made a subsequent grant of a minor inam. THE learned Judges in Janakiramaraju v. Appalaswamy did not intend to lay down that in a case where it was proved that the minor grant emanated from the gr grant or of the major inam himself, the grant even then should be treated as a grant of a whole village. In fact, the learned Judges in Janakiramaraju v. Appalaswami referred to the decision of the Madras High Court in Venkanna v. Lakshmipathi Raju where, in such an event, it was held that the grant could not be treated as a grant of whole village. At page 990 in Janakiramaraju v. Appalaswamy, the position is summarised as follows : "THErefore, after the explanation, the legal position was this; the whole village could be granted either by name or by including the entire extent within the boundaries of a village. In case a named village was granted, the existence of minor inams in the village before such grant would not make it any the less the grant of the whole village. This result would flow not by reading explanation separately from the main part of clause 3 (2) (d) but by reason of the fact that explanation declared the correctness of the pre-existing law." We respectfully agree with the statement of law propounded by the learned Judges in that case. THE minor inams were possibly granted before the major grant or if after the grant they must have been carved out by the inamdar himself. THEy were not called upon to decide upon a situation where it is proved that there was a grant by the grantor himself of some extent as inam after the major grant, thereby implying that at the time of the grant, he reserved to himself a certain portion of the village. In the present case, it is not possible to say one way or the other. What then is the position? We are therefore driven to the necessity of invoking the burden of proof and decide the case according to the incidence of the burden of proof, as neither party has been able to establish the dates of the various grants. THE decision of the Supreme Court in our opinion sets the matter at rest by throwing the burden on the tenant who relies upon the Act to establish that the requirements of the section are satisfied. THE tenants in this particular case have not been able to exclude the possibility of the minor inams having Come into existence at a later date under grants which might have emanated from the original grantor. Whether a tenant raises the plea that the lands were in an estate and therefore ryoti and the civil court has no jurisdiction, or the tenant relies upon the statute in answer to a suit by the landlord either for an injunction, as in the case before the Supreme Court or even for a declaration as in the present case, the burden of proof would undoubtedly be on the tenant to establish the case which he put forward either to exclude the jurisdiction or to negative the right of the plaintiff. THE burden will be on him to show that the grant was either a grant of a whole village or a grant of a named village. THE position is the same, whether the plea of the tenant is based upon the Estates Land Act, which was amended by Act XVIII of 1936 or under the Act as it stood prior to the amendment. Section 23 of the Act no doubt lays down a presumption and was intended to set at rest the conflict of the decisions of the Judicial Committee beginning from Suryanarayana v. Patanna ' and Venkata Sastrulu v. Seetharamudu But for the application of the section the requirement that the grant was of a village or a named village must first be established. THEn comes in the presumption in aid of the teaant that it shall be presumed until the contrary is shown, that such village or part, is an estate. Of course, the burden of showing the contrary, in such an event, would be on the landlord. This construction of the section that it should be established, in the first instance, that the grant was of a named village is the view taken by my learned brother in Tedam Harischandra Reddy v. Stale of Andhra, Represented by the Collector, Nellore and I respectfully agree with that view. If the tenants failed to establish that the grant was of a village, they fail altogether, whether the matter is .considered under the Act as it stands after the amendment in 1936 or "before the amendment. In either event, as the tenants, on whom the burden of proof lies have failed to discharge that burden, it must be held that it was not established that the lands are comprised in an estate. THE tenants therefore have not acquired permanent rights of occupancy under this Statute. Learned Counsel for the respondents strongly relied upon a decision of the Bench of the Madras High Court which related to a document similar to Ex. B-1, relating to Gangavara in village. THEre the inamdar relied on a similar document, Ex. A-10,, before the Inam Commissioner as constituting his documents of title. THE minor inams in that case were shown to be subsequent inams which must necessarily have been granted by the inamdar. On that finding it would naturally follow that the grant was of the entire village., That decision therefore has no bearing to the facts of the case before us It will be convenient now to deal with the question, whether the tenants had established occupancy rights apart from -the Act. As we have stated, the case of the tenants rested before us on the sole ground that we should presume a lost grant in their favour as they claim to have established immemorial possessson of the lands continuously. In Mahammad Mazaffar-al-Musari v. Jabeda Khatun ' Viscount Sumner dealt with the trine of lost grant. It was there pointed out that the presumption of lawful title was not a mere branch of the law of evidence. Courts have recourse to it, in the absence of evidence. His Lordship observed as follows: " THE matter is one of presumption, based on the policy of law, but even considered as an inference from proved facts, the title presumed is a thing, which may well be regarded as likely to have happened. At the same time it is not a presumption to be capriciously made, nor is it one which a certain class of posessor is entitled to de jure. In a case such as this, where it is necessary to indicate what particular kind of lawful title is being presumed, the court must be satisfied that such a title was in its nature practicable and reasonably capable of being presumed, without doing violence to the probabilities of the case. THE presumption is not an "open sesame", with which to unlock in favour of a particular kind of claimant a closed door, to which neither the; law nor the proved facts would in themselves have afforded any key. It is the completion of a right, to which circumstances clearly point where time has obliterated any record of the original commencement." THE doctrine is also referred to by the Supreme Court in Satyanarayana v. Vtnkalappayya. At page 284, Das, J., states the position thus : " THEre is no doubt, on the authorities, that a presumption of an origin in some lawful title may in certain circumstances be made to support possessory rights long arid quietly enjoyed where no actual proof of title is forthcoming but it is equally well established that presumption cannot be made where there is sufficient evidence and convincing proof of the nature of the grant and the persons to whom it was made," THE argument of the learned counsel for the respondents proceeded on the assumption that the tenants were in continuous possession of the same land from time immemorial. He however admitted that in none of the documents on which he relied was there any assertion of an occupancy right in themselves by the tenants in possession of the particular lands. By 1935 and 1936 there were as many as 212 holdings under muchilakas. If the presumption of lost grant is to be invoked, it is necessary and incumbent upon the defendants to trace the history of the different lands in the possession of different tenants and to establish before the Court the length of possession. No such analysis or classification was attempted or made before us. Except the assertion that the tenants were in continuous possession of the same lands from time immemorial, there is no definite evidence in support of it in respect of the various holdings in the possession of the tenants. THE only instances that were brought to our notice are those evidenced by Exs. B-200, B-201 and B-202. Ex. B-200 relates to Kovur China Siddiah. It is claimed that he was in possession of certain lands from 1891, but on a perusal of the survey numbers and the description of the lands, the identity of the lands is not clearly established under each of the pattas referred to. That the lands were different is clear from a perusal and comparison of the fields described in the various pattas. THE extents of the lands fluctuate and the amount of cist paid also varies. Ex. B-201 relates to Kanupuru Pichireddi. Here again that the lands were not identical is clear from a perusal and comparison of the various lands described in the different pattas. Ex. B-202 refers to a tenant Velugu Venkatapathi. Here again the lands change and rents also vary. THEse are the only three documents or instances which were brought to our notices. With reference to the other tenants, not even such an attempt was made. THEse douments would not take us, assuming that they relate to the same lands, beyond fasli 1301. THE learned trial Judge negatived the right by prescription and also negatived the right based on lost grant. He held in paragraph 98 without referring to any evidence that it was reasonable to infer that the tenants now in possession of the lands are the descendants of the original cultivators. No evidence in support of this conclusion was placed before us. But notwithstanding that finding, he negatived the claim based on lost grant. Regarding custom he found that there was no oral or documentary evidence in the case but relying upon certain passages in Boswell's Manual, he inferred that "the tenants of the Nellore District of Chellayapalem like their brothers in other villages of this district had right to occupy the land from generation to generation on payment of rent prescribed by custom." It is difficult to apply a presumption of that nature to all tenants in the district including Chellayapalem. Our attention was also drawn to the oral evidence of witnesses examined on the defendants' side, D. Ws 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. D. W. 1 says that the lands in his family were in their possession from a long time. He relies upon the mortgage-deed Ex. B-9 but the mortgage only refers to his right under the cowle obtained from the shrotriamdar and does not say that he possessed any right in the land and much less permanent occupancy rights. He tes not been able to produce any document prior to his father's time. He was the Secretary of the Ryots Sangham, which was carrying on agitation against the landholders. He was an attesting witness to some of the relinquishment applications filed on behalf of the Inamdar, Ex. A-47 and Ex. A-46. What happened in this village was when the ryots were unwilling to cultivate the lands they gave up the lands and the Inamdar inducted new tenants into possession. This witness's evidence is not very helpful because he does not produce any document to establish his continuous possession of any particular land from before the time of his father and the mortgage Ex. B-9 does not contain any assertion of occupancy rights in themselves. D. W. 2 is another tenant who claimed that the lands were in their possession from his grandfather's time. He was the mortgagor under Ex. B-9 and that debt was discharged by selling lands to D. W. 1. As stated already, Ex. B-9 refers only to the right of cowle obtained from the Shrotriamdar and not a permanent occupancy right from time immemorial. He says that there are pattas for the lands. He also attested some of the relinquishment applications. D. W. 3 owns Ac. 1-8 cents wet land which he purchased for Rs. 500/-. He says he gave an application for grant of patta in his favour as his vendor relinquished his interest in the land. He executed a sale deed in respect of this land in favour of his wife. In cross-examination he says that he acquired property by using the jewels of his wife and does not even remember the name of the vendor. He then adds that his name was one Jangavadu. He then stated that the land was purchased by borrowing from one D. Rukminamma. THEre is however nothing to show that he borrowed. D. W. 4 is a person who claims to own 7 1/2 acres wet and 2 acres 11 cents dry. THE name of the wet land is given as Malavada Thurpu. THE dry land is Settipalli Narasayya's garden. He claimed that the pattas stood in his father's name. His father died in 1944. He stated that his father purchased one acre in D. No. 194/B from Rolla Narasayya but there is no sale deed for it, His evidence shows that his father was a party to Ex. A19 but he added that false recitals were introduced into it to please the plaintiff's father. THE two muchilakas he executed were Ex. A50 and A51, and those muchilakas contained clauses recognising the rights of the Inamdar. He does not complain in his evidence that those recitals were introduced falsely at the instance of the Inamdar. He is the person who prepared Exs. B-200 to B-203 from other exhibits. D. W. 5. claims to own 10 acres of land under a patta. THE lands were divided. THE division was, as disclosed from the cross-examinrtion, 25 years after the death of the father. THEre is no document to evidence the partition. THE brothers sold their lands. He purchased 21 acres, five years after partition. He does not know what cist was collected on the land prior to his purchase. He also executed muchilakas in favour of the plaintiff and does not complain of the terms contained in them. D. W. 6 owns Ac. 780 cents of wet land and 4 acres of .garden land. Claims that they were ancestral lands and that his father had a patta. He stated that he did not file the pattas. When he was shown the pattas, he corrected himself and admitted that he filed Exs. B11 to B43. He denied that he had executed any muchilakas. THEre was no enhancement of cist. In cross-examination he says that he executed muchilakas, Exs. A-65 to A70, though he denied the execution of the muchilakas, in the chief-examination. He pays rent for the well. He attested some other documents in this suit. D. W. 8 is the 3rd defendant in the suit. He is a resident of a neighbouring village and he was in possession according to him, of Padamati Muttachenu of the extent of 3 acres 32 cents and other lands. His brother's descendants and others were given pattas for the extents got by them. Exs. B54 to B57 are the pattas in the name of his father. THE patta land that fell to his share was evidenced by Exs. B-73 to B-83. He claimed that he made improvements but he did not maintain any accounts. His attention was drawn to the term in Ex. A-8 and he had no explanation to offer why the term was allowed to be introduced in the document. He was not paying cist from fasli 1354. He attested relinquishment applications. This is all the oral evidence in the case and on such evidence it is very difficult to find immemorial possession of the various lands in the village. THE alienations relied on are not many. THEy are Exs. B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-9 and B-16. To none of these documents were the plaintiffs or their predecessors parties, and these documents describe Chellayapalem as shrotriam. But the significant circumstance is that in the sales and mortgages no reference was made to occupancy rights in the lands. Ex. A-7 dated 2-7-1913 was a Survey and Settlement Register prepared by the Government for the purpose of land cess. THEre was a taram classification of the lands and the lands were divided into blocks and there were various survey numbers, 120 in all. Of these the minor inams of the extent of 13 acres and odd were shown separately and there were artisan inams also. THE owner is shown in this register of 1913 as Singaraju people under title deed No. 1762. THEre is no trace of any tenant having occupancy rights in the lands. Apart from this the learned advocate for the respondents relied on a. recital in Ex. B-1 in which Mr. Dighton directed Mutharaju Rarnachandrayya to render to Kapus the share as per mamool. This recital in a later document would only establish that the rent was divided in shares between the landholders and the cultivating tenants in a certain proportion. THE existence of tenants on the land would not in our op'.nion indicate that they were tenants with occupancy rights. None of the present tenants has been able to trace his possession to tenants who were alleged to be in possession in 1790. As appears from the Inam Fair Register, Ex. A-1, in Fasli 1216 itself about 30 gorrus and odd of land was waste. We do not exactly know the condition of the land in 1790, how much of it was banjar and waste and how much of it was brought under plough. It was no doubt true, it was once thought that there was a presumption in favour of a tenant in zamindari areas that he is a tenant possessing occupancy rights. Merely because according to the usage a tenant is allowed to continue in possession so long as he rendered the share due to the landholder, it does not thereby imply that that tenant possessed rights of occupancy is made clear by the decision of the Judicial Committee in Ramayya v. Lakshminarayana . In that case the grant was by the zamindar in the year 1810 after the Permanent Settlement. THEre was evidence of cultivating tenants being in possession of the lands prior to the date of the grant. But there was no proof that they possessed permanent rights of occupancy. THE question arose whether they, being tenants in a zamindari estate, could not be presumed to possess occupancy rights under what was described as the common law doctrine, recognised by the Madras High Court in Venkatanarasimha Naidu v. Dandamudi Kotayya and Cheekati Zamindar v. Ranasooru Dora ". THEir Lordships held that there was no such presumption. At page 450 it is stated as follows: " But the appellants contended that the fact of there having been cultivating tenants in the village prior to the grant of 1810 raised a presumption of fact that the zamindar had not the kudivaram right, and that accordingly the grant did not include that right. But, in their Lordships' opinion, the existence of such a presumption was expressly negatived, and certain decisions of the High Court at Madras and the High Court at Bombay, which had given effect to such a presumption, were over-ruled by the decision of this Board in Suryanarayana v. Patanna THE Appellants sought to rely on the subsequent decision of this Board in Seethayya v. Somayajulu , but that case was decided on construction of the terms of the particular grant which were before the Board, and not on any presumption of fact. Indeed, it is expressly stated in the judgment that there is no presumption either way as to the inclusion or non-inclusion of the kudivaram right." THE decision in Venkatanarasimha Naidu v. Dandamudi Kotayya and Cheekati Zamindar v. Ranasooru Dora " were referred to in the judgment of the High Court by Wallace, J., as appears from page 445 of the report, and in fact these decisions were also cited in the arguments before the Privy Council in the case in Suryanarayana v. Patanna . THErefore the presumption that a zamindari tenant is entitled, according to the old Board's Proceedings referred to by Ameer Ali J., in Sivaprakasa Pandora Sannadhi v. Veerama Reddi and Subrahmania Aiyar J,. in Venkatanarasimha Naidu v. Dandamudi Kottayya followed in Cheekati zamindar v. Ranasooru Dora ' to remain in possession so long as he rendered the rent in kind or service or in money would not imply thereby that he is entitled to permanent rights of occupancy. THE reference therefore in Ex. B-1 would not help the respondents to establish that they possess occupancy rights from time immemorial. We do not know the holdings which were in the possession of the various tenants by 1790 and what connection they have with the persons now in possession. It is not established that the tenants now in possession are the successors-in-title of the persons who were alleged to have been in possession at the time of Mr. Dighton's direction in Ex. B-1. THE case in Ramalinga Mudali v. Ramaswami Ayyar ' was relied on in support of the interpretation which the respondents' Counsel sought to place on Ex. B-1. In that case there was also a direction to Chamier Sultan to continue to give his ryots their due share according to the usual custom which was construed as indicating that at the date of the grant there were tenants with occupancy rights. THE interval between the direction to the Sultan and the grant was very short; the particular grant was in 1763 and the direction was in 1782. Under these circumstances it may be legitimate to infer that these tenants existed even at the date of the original grant. But no such presumption can be made in the present case as we do not know the date of the grant and how long after the grant Ex. B-1 of 1890 was issued. For all these reasons we are of opinion that on the evidence on record no foundation is laid for invoking the presumption of lost grant to give a legal origin or lawful title to a long continued possession of the land by a particular tenant or tenants. THE acquisition, therefore, of permanent rights of occupancy on the basis of lost grant is not established. Relying upon the decision of the Judicial Committee in Lakshmana v. Venkateswarlu it was contended on behalf of the respondents that the plaintiff suing for declaration of his melwaram and kudivaram right to the land has to establish that he is the owner of both the warams and that, as in the present case, the origin of tenancy of these various tenants is unknown, the burden is not shifted to the tenants by reason of the admissions contained in the various muchilakas which have been filed in the case. THE question of burden of proof, as noticed by their Lordships becomes material only either when there is no evidence on record or when the evidence on record is conflicting and the Court is not able to make up its mind. THEir Lordships adverted to this at pages 587 and 588. THEy also recognised that when the entire evidence on both sides is placed before the Court, the debate as to onus is purely academic. As stated at page 588, "where no difficulty arises in arriving at a conclusion, as in the cases above mentioned, the question respecting the onus recedes into the background, but where the Court finds it difficult to make up its mind the question comes to the foreground and becomes the deciding factor. " It is always no doubt difficult to state precisely when the origin of the tenancy commenced and what were its conditions. In the agricultural economy of the villages it is a common feature that the tenants are allowed to continue so long as they pay the rent stipulated to the landholder and nobody thinks of disturbing the tenant's possession even if he had been in possession for a long time. THE mere fact, therefore, that the tenant was not turned out or that after the tenant's death his successor was recognised in his place, or in a family partition the land, which was the subject matter of the lease, was allowed to be divided into various shares and the landholder agreed to receive his proportionate share from the individual so divided, are not circumstances which by themselves establish that they own permanent rights of occupancy. THE requirements needed to establish occupancy rights and the circumstances which negative the existence of occupancy rights have been the subject-matter of decisions, both of the Judicial Committee and of the Madras High Court. Long possession, fixed rent, assertion of title as occupancy ryots or tenants in mortgages and sales and partitions, and acting on the footing that for a long time the tenants owned the permanent rights of occupancy, may point to the conclusion that they had acquired permanent rights of occupancy apart from the Act. In contrast with that, the frequent changes of tenants, the increase in rents, the pulling out of one tenant from one land and putting in another, admission by tenants, not illiterate and ignorant, of the rights of the landholder not only in muchilakas or pattas but in other documents, may all be taken into consideration in arriving at the conclusion whether the landholder or the tenant was the owner of occupancy rights. THE circumstances which negative the existence of occupancy rights in the tenant may warrant the conclusion that the landholder was the owner of that right. Similarly circumstances which negative the existence of the kudivaram right in the landholder may establish the right in the other. THE evidence therefore has to be considered in its entirety and the conduct of both sides extending over a long period must be considered in detail to come to the conclusion on the question as to who between the two, the inamdar and the tenant, was the owner of the kudivaram. THE whole history of the tenures in the village has to be scrutinised and examined before a conclusion is reached on the subject. If at the end of such investigation it becomes difficult for the Court to make up its mind one way or the other, then the question of burden of proof as laid down in Lakshmana v. Venkateswarlu ' becomes very important. Now, let us see what exactly are the circumstances which emerge from the evidence on record. We do not know when exactly the grant originated and what were the circumstances that existed on the date of the grants. Whether it was entirely waste land, or whether it was a tenanted village, which was granted to the Inamdar, is not known. All that we gather is that in the year 1790 at the time when Mr. Dighton was the Collector there were certain Kapus in possession of the land. Between 1790 and 1862 we have no evidence regarding the relationship between the cultivating tenants and the Inamdars, But from the Inam Register it is clear that for a period of 25 years the inam was under Ijara, the amount payable to the ljaradar being Rs. 240/- over and above the jodi payable to the Government. It also appears from the register, Ex. A-1, that the garden lands were irrigated under private wells of the shrotriamdars. Thirty gorrus of the land was pullari waste in fasli 1216, though by 1862 the whole land was brought under cultivation. We also get the income of the inamdar from fasli 1211 to 1220, which was of course fluctuating, as it was waram rates that were then obtained. THE existence of private wells in garden land of the shrotriamdars will certainly indicate that they had the ownership in the kudivaram interest in the land. After the period of ijara referred to in Ex. A-1 was over, we find in Exs. A-48 and A-49 that for a period of eleven years the Mutharaju people gave their respective halves of ijara. In 1889 it was that the Singaraju people purchased the property, and we find that in these ijaras liberty was given to the lessee to raise whatever crops he liked, which implies that the lands were at his disposal and he was in a position to command the particular crop which the tenants could raise. We have the earliest document, Ex. B-12 of 30th December 1891 executed in favour of Subbarao Pantulu Garu for fasli 1301, by one Pancheti Venkatamma. THE cowle refers to the wet and dry lands in their shrotriam and they were given for cultivation on cowle during fasli 1301'. THE schedule gives the numbers of the lands and the cist payable. THEre is. a clause in the cowle that the lessee should not interfere with the trees and that she should take care of them and after the expiry of the cowle put the lessor in possession of the trees and the land as well. This document, it is not suggested, was brought into existence by any coercion or undue influence or persuasion by the Inamdar, and it was produced and marked on behalf of the defendants. This was a time when nobody ever thought of any dispute about occupancy rights in the lands. THEre is no over-powering or any other motive suggested in introducing these recitals in the document. THE land is claimed to be owned by the shortriamdar and the tenant agrees to quit the land at the end of the period. THEn we have a number of muchilakas filed from 1893. THE files are Exa. A-8, A-9 and A-27 to A-45. THE muchilaka files, therefore, begin from 1893, onwards, and the holdings have been increased from 98 in fasli 1311 to 212 by by fasli 1345 and fasli 1346. All these muchilakas voluminous in number, contain in some form or other, admissions by the tenants that the Inamdar was the owner of both the varams, as appears from the underatking to vacate the land at the end of the term or by admitting the ownership of the kudivaram. All these documents have not been printed because they are numerous. But we have ourselves examined some of the documents and we do not see any reason why the inference, should not be drawn from them that the tenants had no occupancy rights in the land and that the owner of the kudivaram was the inamdar. THE unique feature of this case is that the inamdars have not only kept regularly all the old records but they have frankly placed all the records before the Court. For example, we have got the dittamS produced from fasli 130.1, Exs. A-10 to A-15. We have got a file of relinquishment applications which shows that as the old tenants were unable to cultivate the land they gave up the land, and we have also applications made by other persons who were ready and willing to take up those lands, which shows that those tenants who took up the lands were inducted into possession for the first time after the relinquishments which were accepted. Exs. A-46 and A-47 contain a file of these relinquishment applications. We have also adverted to the Survey and Settlement Register of 1913, Ex. A-7, in which the Inamdar was shown as the owner of the land by the Government. Apart from this, there were also certain land Acquisition Proceedings, Exs. A-98 and A-99 in which the compensation was paid to the Inamdar and there is no trace of any claim by any occupancy ryot. Certain tabular statements were filed in the lower Court which were prepared on both sides. Ex. A-112 is a statement showing that the tenancy of particular tenants therein specified originated in the fasli mentioned therein. New tenants' list is Ex. A-113. Ex. A-114 is a list of leases and conditions for remission of rents on account of reclamation and improvements. That the Inamdar increased also the rates of rent is shown by Ex. A-1 15. Ex. A-113 (a) also shows new tenants. Of course, we have not been taken through all the documents referred to in the list but on the tenants'side also tabular statements, Exs.'B-200, B-201, B-202, and B-203 were also filed, which we have already adverted to. It would therefore be seen from this narration of facts that all along the conduct of the parties was one way and one way alone, namely, that the Inamdar was the owner of the kudivaram and there was no protest or any dispute of any sor't until the year 1936 when for the first time Section 3 (2) (d) was amended. In view of the foregoing, we have no doubt in finding in favour of the plaintiff's that they were not only the owners of the melwaram but also the kudivaram. ' THE decision of Madhavan Nair J. in Lakshmanna v, Venkateswarlu ' was considered by My Lord the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Bhimasankaram in an unreported decision in Anagh Venkata Lakshmi Narasimharao and others v. Sreerdman Sree Madaddanki Tirumala Samayoddanda Kolahata Lakshmi Narasimha Kumara Tiruvenkata Tata Desikacharyulu2. THE learned Judges also, keeping in view, the principles laid down by the Privy Council in Lakshmanna v. Venkateswarlu and the evidence on record came to the conclusion that the inamdar was the owner of the kudivaram. We respectfully follow the reasoning in that case. THEre remains the objection based on Section 42 of the Specific Relief Act. THE answer given on behalf of the plaintiffs was that the cause of action for ejectment and recovery of possession of the property from the defendants other than defendants 1 to 10 was not complete because notices to quit were not given to them and the other tenants in the village. THE plaintiffs' father gave notice to quit only to defendants 1 to 10 vide the evidence of P. W. 1. THE action so far as defendants are concerned is a representative action and even if the cause of action against the defendants 1 to 10 accrued by the date of the institution of the suit the plaintiff could have sued for possession of the same, that would not apply to defendants 11 to 15 and other tenants whom they represent. THE suit cannot therefore be dismissed in Mo except against defendants 1 to 10. Mr. Vedantachari, the learned Counsel for the respondents argued that no notice terminating the tenancy was needed and the cause of action was complete against all the defendants even by the date of the institution of the suit. Reliance was placed by him on the decision in Namdeo Lokman Lodhi v. Narmadabai which lays down as a principle of justice, equity and good conscience, the principle in Section 111 (g) of the Transfer of Property Act could not be applied to agricultural tenancies. This case was followed by the Madras High Court in Narasimhan v. Atcheyya . But that decision has no bearing because we are not now concerned with any case of forfeiture which requires a further act to indicate that the landlord wants to take advantage by virtue of the forfeiture. It cannot be said that when once possession was given under a lease without a notice to quit, the tenancy could not be terminated and possession cannot be recovered. No authority was cited in support of the proposition that notice was not required to terminate a tenancy before suing for eviction. In the result Appeal No. 342 of 1949 is allowed and a declaration granted in favour of the plaintiffs against defendants other than defendants 1 to 10. THE appeal against defendants 1 to 10 must be dismissed with costs and the petitioner will be entitled to his costs against other defendants. So far as A. S. No. 551 of 1951 is concerned, in view of our decision in A. S. No. 342 of 1949, the appeal must be allowed and the suit dismissed with costs here and in the court below. THE only argument advanced on behalf of the appellants, apart from the decision on the main question was that the lands were let for pasturage and therefore the tenants would not acquire occupancy rights. That is not correct. THE lands were given for cultivation purposes, though the actual use to which the tenants put them was pasturage. That would not take away the statutory right of occupancy as the lands were let for cultivation and not for pasturage. That objection therefore cannot be upheld. In view of our finding that the plaintiff is entitled to both the warams, the appeal must be allowed and the suit dismissed with costs here and in the Court below. THE other appeal No. 789 of 1950 is allowed and the suit is dismissed with costs here and in the Court below. Appeal No. 342 of ,1949 Partly allowed. Appeal Nos. 551 of 1951 and 789 of 1950 allowed.