(1.) These observations of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar aptly encapsulate the foundational principles that must inform the adjudication of the case at hand. The issues that arise go to the heart of that constitutional design. They involve questions concerning the scope and limits of judicial review, the contours of the doctrine of separation of powers, the manner in which legislative power is exercised by Parliament, and the corresponding bounds of executive authority under the Constitution. At their core lies the principle of the rule of law, which mandates that all institutions derive their legitimacy from, and remain accountable to, the Constitution. Above all, this case deals with the delicate constitutional balance among the three organs of governance, as envisioned by the framers of the Constitution.
(2.) Our Constitution mandates the supremacy of the Constitution. The underlying principles embodied in it guide not only the judiciary, but also the legislature and the executive. While the function of the judiciary is to interpret, protect, and expand these foundational principles, the legislature and the executive are entrusted with the duty to give effect to them through law and governance. In their distinct spheres of action, each organ of the State remains bound by a common constitutional obligation: respect for and adherence to the supremacy of the Constitution. It is this shared responsibility that ensures the unity of purpose within the framework of the separation of powers.
(3.) The present case must therefore be examined against this broader constitutional backdrop, where the mutual respect and defined boundaries among the three organs of the State are tested in matters that directly concern the balance between legislative policy and judicial independence. The validity of the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021[Hereinafter, "Impugned Act".] has been challenged. However, this challenge cannot be viewed in isolation, as we shall highlight in subsequent discussion. It forms part of a continuing constitutional dialogue on the structure, independence, and functioning of tribunals.
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